Help:IPA for Talossan: Difference between revisions

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In order to precisely indicate how a written phoneme should be pronounced, the '''International Phonetic Alphabet''' is often helpful.  For more information about the IPA in general, please see the [[wikipedia:IPA|article at Wikipedia]].


Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciations of [[English language|English]] words are conveyed by means of the '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)'''; for a basic introduction to IPA, see [[Help:IPA/Introduction]]. In particular, the following tables list the relevant transcription for various English [[diaphoneme]]s; for a more complete key, see [[Help:IPA]], which includes sounds that do not occur in English. (If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, then see the links at the bottom of this page.)
==Templates==
There are three ways to represent the IPA on [[TalossaWiki]].
===[[Template:IPA]]===
This template classifies the enclosed text as "IPA" text, so that other templates or people's personal CSS adjustments can make appropriate changes to its display. Example: <nowiki>{{IPA|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ}}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ}}


If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of [[Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key|Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key]].
===[[Template:IPA-all]]===
This template takes any IPA transcription and presents it in a standardized and appealing format, with choices of lede and the possibility of including an audio recording. <nowiki>{{IPA-all|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ|pron|lexhatx.ogg}}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA-all|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ|pron|lexhatx.ogg}}


* To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see [[pronunciation respelling for English]], which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
===[[Template:IPA-t]]===
* To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see [[Help:IPA conventions for English]], which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.
This template breaks up IPA symbols into separate phonemes, with a pronunciation guide available on mouseover. <nowiki>{{IPA-t|pron|audio=Lexhatx.ogg|l|ɛ|ˈ|dZ|a:|ʒ}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA-t|pron|audio=Lexhatx.ogg|l|ɛ|ˈ|dZ|a:|ʒ}}


==Dialect variations==
==Sounds of Talossan==
This key accommodates <!--"standard ... English ... pronunciations" is not OK, so "English" alone is not OK-->standard [[General American]], [[Received Pronunciation]], [[Canadian English]], [[South African English]], [[Australian English phonology|Australian English]], and [[New Zealand English]] pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:
The Talossan language uses a specific subset of sounds, as represented in IPA. These sounds are indicated below, in the standard IPA format.


* If, for example, you pronounce ''cot'' {{IPA|/ˈkɒt/}} and ''caught'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːt/}} the same, then you may simply ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels ''o'' and ''au'' when pronouncing them.
===Consonants===
* In many dialects, {{IPA|/r/}} occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore {{IPA|/r/}} in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in ''cart'' {{IPA|/ˈkɑrt/}}.
{|class="wikitable"
* In other dialects, {{IPA|/j/}} ('''y'''es) cannot occur after {{IPA|/t, d, n/}}, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the {{IPA|/j/}} in transcriptions such as ''new'' {{IPA|/njuː/}}. For example, ''New York'' is transcribed {{IPA|/njuː ˈjɔrk/}}. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/r/}} in {{IPA|/ˈjɔrk/}} is not pronounced (and may instead [[R-colored vowel|rhotacise]] the preceding vowel); for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/njuː/}} is not pronounced and may be ignored.  
|-
! &nbsp;
!bilabial
!labio-<br />dental
!dental
!alveolar
!post-<br />alveolar
!palatal
!labio-velar
!velar
!glottal
|-
|'''plosive'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|p&nbsp;&nbsp;b}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|t&nbsp;&nbsp;d}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|k&nbsp;&nbsp;ɡ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
|'''nasal'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|m}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|n}}
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|ɲ}}
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ŋ}}
| &nbsp;
|-
|'''fricative'''
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|f&nbsp;&nbsp;v}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|θ&nbsp;&nbsp;ð}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|s&nbsp;&nbsp;z}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|ʃ&nbsp;&nbsp;ʒ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|x&nbsp;&nbsp;ɣ}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|h}}
|-
|'''affricate'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|tʃ&nbsp;&nbsp;dʒ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|'''approximant'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|ɾ}}
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|j}}
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPA|w}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|-
|'''lateral approximant'''
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|ɬ&nbsp;&nbsp;l}}
| &nbsp;
| style="text-align:center;" |{{IPA|ʎ}}
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
| &nbsp;
|}
 
===Vowels===
{| class="IPA" cellspacing="0px" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center; background:none;"
|- style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller;"
|style="padding-bottom:3px;"| &nbsp;
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Front'''
| style="width: 60px; word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- front'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Central'''
| style="width: 60px;word-spacing: -.3em;" | '''Near- back'''
| style="width: 60px;" | '''Back'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close'''
| style="height: 210px;" colspan=5 rowspan=7 | <div style="position: relative;">[[File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg|300px|link=]]<div style="background:none; position:absolute; top:0; left:0;">
{| style="position:relative; width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none;"
|-
| style="width:300px; height:210px; text-align:center; background:none; font-size:120%;"|
 
<!-- CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 5%; width: 2.3em; top: 2%; background: white;">
i{{·}}y</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 46%; width: 1em; top: 2%; background: white;">ɨ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 85%; width: 3em; top: 2%; background: none;">
u</div>
 
<!-- NEAR-CLOSE VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 28%; width: 2.33em; top: 16%; background: white;">
ɪ&nbsp;&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 46%; width: 4em; top: 24%; background: none;">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 74%; width: 1em; top: 16%; background: white;">
&nbsp;</div>


On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:
<!-- CLOSE-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 16%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: white;">
e{{·}}ø</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 50%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: none;">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 86%; width: 2.7em; top: 30%; background: none;">
o</div>


* The difference between the vowels of ''fir'', ''fur'' and ''fern'' in [[Scottish English|Scottish]] and [[Hiberno-English|Irish English]].
<!-- MID VOWELS -->
* The difference between the vowels of "pain" and "pane" in some British, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects.
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; background: white;">
* The vowels of ''bad'' and ''had'' in many parts of [[Australian English|Australia]] and the Eastern United States.
ə</div>
* The vowels of ''spider'' and ''spied her'' in some parts of Scotland and North America.


Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker. ''Bath,'' for example, originally had the {{IPA|/æ/}} vowel (as in ''cat''), but for many speakers, it now has the {{IPA|/ɑː/}} vowel (as in ''father''). Such words are transcribed twice, once for each pronunciation: {{IPA|/ˈbæθ, ˈbɑːθ/}}.
<!-- OPEN-MID VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 30%; width: 3em; top: 58%; background: white;">
ɛ{{·}}œ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: none;">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 86%; width: 2.7em; top: 58%; background: none;">ɔ</div>


For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|IPA chart for English dialects]].
<!-- NEAR-OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 37%; width: 1.3em; top: 73%;">
æ</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; background: none;">&nbsp;</div>
 
<!-- OPEN VOWELS -->
<div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 3em; top: 86%; background: none;">&nbsp;</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 68%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">
a</div>
<div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 1em; top: 86%; background: white;">
ɑ</div>
|}
</div></div>
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | &nbsp;&nbsp;'''Near-close'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Close-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open-mid'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Near-open'''
|-
| style="height: 30px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right;" | '''Open'''
|}
<div style="font-size: smaller; line-height: 1.25em; margin-bottom: 0.33em">''Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.<br/>Speakers who prefer a later pronunciation merge the rounded vowels with the unrounded one.''</div>


==Key==
==Key==
''Note: The IPA stress mark ({{IPA|ˈ}}) comes ''before'' the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in [[Pronunciation respelling for English|pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States]].''
Phonemes in Talossan words are pronounced roughly as follows.
 
''Note: The IPA stress mark ({{IPA|ˈ}}) comes ''before'' the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States.''


[[File:IPAicon.png|right|alt=|link=]]<!--img placed here for browser page preview-->(Words in {{sc|small capitals}} are the standard [[Lexical_set#Wells_Standard_Lexical_Sets_for_English|lexical set]]s. Words in the lexical sets {{sc|bath}} and {{sc|cloth}} are given two transcriptions, respectively one with {{IPA|/ɑː/}} and one with {{IPA|/æ/}}, and with {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}).
{| style="background:none"
{| style="background:none"
| valign="top" |  
| valign="top" |  
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:90%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:90%;"
! colspan="2"| [[Consonant]]s
! colspan="2"| Consonants
|-
|-
! style="width:3em;" | IPA !! Examples
! style="width:3em;" | IPA !! Examples
Line 51: Line 198:
| align=left|'''ph'''i, ca'''ff''', '''f'''an
| align=left|'''ph'''i, ca'''ff''', '''f'''an
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɡ}}</big> ({{IPA|ɡ}})<ref>If the two characters {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɡ}}}} and {{angle bracket|{{IPA|[[File:Opentail g.svg|6px]]}}}} do not match and if the first looks like a {{angle bracket|{{IPA|γ}}}}, then you have an issue with your default font. See [[WP:IPA#Rendering issues|Rendering issues]].</ref>
|<big>{{IPA|ɡ}}</big> ({{IPA|ɡ}})
| align=left|'''g'''uy, ba'''g'''
| align=left|'''g'''uy, ba'''g'''
|-
|-
Line 57: Line 204:
| align=left|'''h'''igh, a'''h'''ead
| align=left|'''h'''igh, a'''h'''ead
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|j}}</big><ref>The IPA value of the letter {{angle bracket|{{IPA|j}}}} is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words, such as [[hallelujah]] and [[Jägermeister]].</ref>
|<big>{{IPA|j}}</big>
| align=left|'''y'''es, '''y'''acht
| align=left|'''y'''es, '''y'''acht
|-
|-
Line 64: Line 211:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|l}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|l}}</big>
| align=left|{{Not a typo|'''l'''ie, s'''l'''y, ga'''l'''}}
| align=left|'''l'''ie, s'''l'''y, ga'''l'''
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|m}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|m}}</big>
Line 79: Line 226:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|p}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|p}}</big>
| align=left|{{Not a typo|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''}}
| align=left|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|r}}</big>
| align=left|'''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y<ref>Although the IPA symbol {{IPA|[r]}} represents a [[alveolar trill|trill]], {{IPA|/r/}} is widely used instead of {{IPA|/ɹ/}} in broad transcriptions of English.</ref>
| align=left|'''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|s}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|s}}</big>
Line 91: Line 238:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|t}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|t}}</big>
| align=left|{{Not a typo|'''t'''ie, s'''t'''y, ca'''t''', a'''t'''om}}
| align=left|'''t'''ie, s'''t'''y, ca'''t''', a'''t'''om
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|tʃ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|tʃ}}</big>
Line 97: Line 244:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|v}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|v}}</big>
| align=left|{{Not a typo|'''v'''ie, ha'''ve'''}}
| align=left|'''v'''ie, ha'''ve'''
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|w}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|w}}</big>
Line 103: Line 250:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|hw}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|hw}}</big>
| align=left|'''wh'''y<ref>The phoneme {{IPA|/hw/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/w/}} in the many dialects with the [[Phonological history of wh#Wine–whine merger|wine–whine merger]], such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see [[voiceless labio-velar approximant]].</ref>
| align=left|'''wh'''y
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|z}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|z}}</big>
Line 109: Line 256:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ʒ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ʒ}}</big>
| align=left|equa'''ti'''on, plea'''s'''ure, vi'''si'''on, bei'''g'''e<ref>A number of English words, such as ''genre'' and ''garage'', are pronounced with either {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.</ref>
| align=left|equa'''ti'''on, plea'''s'''ure, vi'''si'''on, bei'''g'''e
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | Marginal consonants
! colspan="2" | Marginal consonants
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|x}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|x}}</big>
| align=left|u'''gh''', lo'''ch''', '''Ch'''anukah<ref>In most dialects, {{IPA|/x/}} is replaced by {{IPA|/k/}} in most words, including ''loch''. In ''ugh'', however, it is often replaced by {{IPA|/ɡ/}} (a [[spelling pronunciation]]), and in ''Chanukah'' by {{IPA|/h/}}</ref>
| align=left|u'''gh''', lo'''ch''', '''Ch'''anukah
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ʔ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ʔ}}</big>
Line 121: Line 268:
| valign="top" |
| valign="top" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="4"| [[Vowel]]s
! colspan="4"| Vowels
|-
|-
! IPA !! Full vowels  !! colspan="2" | ... followed by R<ref> In [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic accents]] like RP, {{IPA|/r/}} is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, {{IPA|/ɪər/}} ''etc.'' may not be distinguished from {{IPA|/ɪr/}} ''etc.'' These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here.</ref>
! IPA !! Full vowels  !! colspan="2" | ... followed by R
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɑː}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɑː}}</big>
Line 131: Line 278:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɒ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɒ}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|l'''o'''t}}, p'''o'''d, J'''o'''hn<ref>{{IPA|/ɒ/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in dialects with the [[Phonological history of English low back vowels#Father–bother merger|father–bother merger]] such as GenAm.</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|l'''o'''t}}, p'''o'''d, J'''o'''hn
|<big>{{IPA|ɒr}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɒr}}</big>
| align=left|m'''or'''al, f'''or'''age
| align=left|m'''or'''al, f'''or'''age
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|æ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|æ}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|tr'''a'''p}}, p'''a'''d, sh'''a'''ll, b'''a'''n <ref>In some regions (including California), what would normally be [æŋ] is pronounced as [eŋ] or [eɪŋ], so that the "a" in "rang" is closer to the "ai" in "rain" than the "a" in "rag"</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|tr'''a'''p}}, p'''a'''d, sh'''a'''ll, b'''a'''n  
|<big>{{IPA|ær}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ær}}</big>
| align=left|b'''arr'''ow, m'''arr'''y<ref>Pronounced the same as {{IPA|/ɛr/}} in accents with the [[Mary–marry–merry merger]].</ref>
| align=left|b'''arr'''ow, m'''arr'''y
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big>
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|pr'''i'''ce}}, r'''i'''de, f'''i'''le, f'''i'''ne, p'''ie'''<ref>Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in ''price'' and ''ride''. Generally, an {{IPA|[aɪ]}} is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ''ride, file, fine, pie,'' while an {{IPA|[ʌɪ]}} is used before voiceless sounds, as in ''price'' and ''write''. Because {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as ''rider'' and ''writer'', may be distinguished only by their vowel: {{IPA|[ˈɹʷ'''aɪ'''ɾəɹ], [ˈɹʷ'''ʌɪ'''ɾəɹ]}}. However, even though the value of {{IPA|/aɪ/}} is not predictable in some words, such as ''spider'' {{IPA|[ˈsp'''ʌɪ'''ɾəɹ]}},{{fact}} dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|pr'''i'''ce}}, r'''i'''de, f'''i'''le, f'''i'''ne, p'''ie'''
|<big> {{IPA|aɪər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|aɪər}}</big>
| align=left|'''Ire'''land, h'''ire''' ({{IPA|/aɪr./}})
| align=left|'''Ire'''land, h'''ire''' ({{IPA|/aɪr./}})
Line 157: Line 304:
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|ɛ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|ɛ}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|dr'''e'''ss}}, b'''e'''d, f'''e'''ll, m'''e'''n<ref name="E">Transcribed as {{IPA|/e/}} by many dictionaries.[http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2009/03/e-and.html]</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|dr'''e'''ss}}, b'''e'''d, f'''e'''ll, m'''e'''n
|<big> {{IPA|ɛr}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|ɛr}}</big>
| align=left|'''err'''or, m'''err'''y<ref name="E" />
| align=left|'''err'''or, m'''err'''y
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|eɪ}}</big>
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|eɪ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|f'''a'''ce}}, m'''a'''de, f'''ai'''l, v'''ei'''n, p'''ay'''
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|f'''a'''ce}}, m'''a'''de, f'''ai'''l, v'''ei'''n, p'''ay'''
|<big>{{IPA|ɛər}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɛər}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|squ'''are'''}}, m'''are''', sc'''ar'''ce, c'''air'''n, M'''ar'''y ({{IPA|/eɪr./}})<ref>Pronounced the same as {{IPA|/ɛr/}} in accents with the [[Mary–marry–merry merger]]. Often transcribed as {{IPA|/eə/}} by British dictionaries and as {{IPA|/er/}} by American ones. The OED uses {{IPA|/ɛː/}} for BrE and {{IPA|/ɛ(ə)r/}} for AmE.[http://www.oed.com/public/keytopronunciation]</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|squ'''are'''}}, m'''are''', sc'''ar'''ce, c'''air'''n, M'''ar'''y ({{IPA|/eɪr./}})
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|eɪ.ər}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|eɪ.ər}}</big>
Line 177: Line 324:
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|fl'''ee'''ce}}, s'''ee'''d, f'''ee'''l, m'''ea'''n, s'''ea'''
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|fl'''ee'''ce}}, s'''ee'''d, f'''ee'''l, m'''ea'''n, s'''ea'''
| <big>{{IPA|ɪər}}
| <big>{{IPA|ɪər}}
| align=left |{{sc|n'''ear'''}}, b'''ear'''d, f'''ier'''ce, s'''er'''ious ({{IPA|/iːr./}})<ref>Same as {{IPA|/ɪr/}} in accents with the [[mirror–nearer merger]].</ref>
| align=left |{{sc|n'''ear'''}}, b'''ear'''d, f'''ier'''ce, s'''er'''ious ({{IPA|/iːr./}})
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|iː.ər}}
| <big>{{IPA|iː.ər}}
Line 183: Line 330:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |<big> {{IPA|ɔː}}
| rowspan="2" |<big> {{IPA|ɔː}}
| rowspan="2" align=left |{{sc|th'''ough'''t}}, M'''au'''d, d'''aw'''n, f'''a'''ll, str'''aw'''<ref>{{IPA|/ɔː/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɒ/}} (except before {{IPA|/r/}}) in dialects with the [[Phonological history of English low back vowels#Cot–caught merger|cot–caught merger]] such as some varieties of GenAm.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left |{{sc|th'''ough'''t}}, M'''au'''d, d'''aw'''n, f'''a'''ll, str'''aw'''
|<big>{{IPA|ɔr}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɔr}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|n'''or'''th}}, b'''or'''n, w'''ar''', L'''aur'''a ({{IPA|/ɔːr./}})<ref name="horse-hoarse">{{IPA|/ɔər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔr/}} in dialects with the [[English-language vowel changes before historic r#Horse–hoarse merger|horse–hoarse merger]], which include most dialects of modern English.</ref><ref name="pour-poor">{{IPA|/ʊər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔr/}} in dialects with the [[English-language vowel changes before historic r#Pour–poor merger|pour–poor merger]], including many younger speakers.</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|n'''or'''th}}, b'''or'''n, w'''ar''', L'''aur'''a ({{IPA|/ɔːr./}})
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɔː.ər}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɔː.ər}}</big>
Line 193: Line 340:
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|ch'''oi'''ce}}, v'''oi'''d, f'''oi'''l, c'''oi'''n, b'''oy'''
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|ch'''oi'''ce}}, v'''oi'''d, f'''oi'''l, c'''oi'''n, b'''oy'''
|<big> {{IPA|ɔɪər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|ɔɪər}}</big>
| align=left|[[wiktionary:loir|l'''oir''']] ({{IPA|/ɔɪr./}})
| align=left|l'''oir''' ({{IPA|/ɔɪr./}})
|-
|-
|<big> {{IPA|ɔɪ.ər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|ɔɪ.ər}}</big>
Line 199: Line 346:
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|oʊ}}</big>
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|oʊ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|g'''oa'''t}}, c'''o'''de, f'''oa'''l, b'''o'''ne, g'''o'''<ref>Commonly transcribed {{IPA|/əʊ/}} or {{IPA|/oː/}}.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|g'''oa'''t}}, c'''o'''de, f'''oa'''l, b'''o'''ne, g'''o'''
|<big> {{IPA|ɔər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|ɔər}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|f'''or'''ce}}, m'''ore''', b'''oar''', '''or'''al ({{IPA|/oʊr./}})<ref name="horse-hoarse"/><ref name="pour-poor"/>
| align=left|{{sc|f'''or'''ce}}, m'''ore''', b'''oar''', '''or'''al ({{IPA|/oʊr./}})
|-
|-
|<big> {{IPA|oʊ.ər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|oʊ.ər}}</big>
Line 214: Line 361:
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|g'''oo'''se}}, f'''oo'''d, f'''oo'''l, s'''oo'''n, ch'''ew''', d'''o'''
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|g'''oo'''se}}, f'''oo'''d, f'''oo'''l, s'''oo'''n, ch'''ew''', d'''o'''
|<big> {{IPA|ʊər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|ʊər}}</big>
| align=left|b'''oor''', m'''oor''', t'''our'''ist ({{IPA|/uːr./}})<ref name="horse-hoarse"/><ref name="pour-poor"/>
| align=left|b'''oor''', m'''oor''', t'''our'''ist ({{IPA|/uːr./}})
|-
|-
|<big> {{IPA|uː.ər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|uː.ər}}</big>
Line 220: Line 367:
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|juː}}</big>
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|juː}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|c'''ue'''d, c'''u'''te, m'''u'''le, t'''u'''ne, q'''ueue''', '''you'''<ref>In dialects with [[yod dropping]], {{IPA|/juː/}} is pronounced the same as {{IPA|/uː/}} after [[coronal consonant]]s ({{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}},  {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}) in the same syllable, so that ''dew'' {{IPA|/djuː/}} is pronounced the same as ''do'' {{IPA|/duː/}}. In dialects with [[yod coalescence]], {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are pronounced {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, so that the first syllable in ''Tuesday'' is pronounced the same as ''choose''.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|c'''ue'''d, c'''u'''te, m'''u'''le, t'''u'''ne, q'''ueue''', '''you'''
|<big> {{IPA|jʊər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|jʊər}}</big>
| align=left|c'''ure'''
| align=left|c'''ure'''
|-
|-
|<big> {{IPA|juː.ər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|uː.ər}}</big>
| align=left|s'''ewer'''
| align=left|s'''ewer'''
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|ʌ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|ʌ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|str'''u'''t}}, m'''u'''d, d'''u'''ll, g'''u'''n<ref>This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents.  These words would take the {{IPA|ʊ}} vowel: there is no [[Phonological history of English high back vowels#Foot–strut split|foot–strut split]].</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|str'''u'''t}}, m'''u'''d, d'''u'''ll, g'''u'''n
|<big>{{IPA|ʌr}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ʌr}}</big>
| align=left|b'''or'''ough, h'''urr'''y
| align=left|b'''or'''ough, h'''urr'''y
Line 235: Line 382:
| align=left|{{sc|n'''ur'''se}}, w'''or'''d, g'''ir'''l, f'''er'''n, f'''urr'''y  
| align=left|{{sc|n'''ur'''se}}, w'''or'''d, g'''ir'''l, f'''er'''n, f'''urr'''y  
|-
|-
! colspan="4" | [[Vowel reduction in English|Reduced vowels]]
! colspan="4" | Reduced vowels
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ə}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ə}}</big>
Line 243: Line 390:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɨ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɨ}}</big>
| align=left|ros'''e'''s, '''e'''mission<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} in Australian and many US dialects, and {{IPA|[ɪ]}} in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}} and a reduced {{IPA|[ə]}}. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood  1993:322) and the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] use the pseudo-IPA symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|<s>ɪ</s>}}}} [http://www.oed.com/public/keytopronunciation], and [[Merriam–Webster]] uses {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ə̇}}}}.</ref> <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ɪ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
| align=left|ros'''e'''s, '''e'''mission <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ɪ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
|<big>{{IPA|ən}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ən}}</big>
| align=left|butt'''on'''
| align=left|butt'''on'''
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɵ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɵ}}</big>
| align=left|'''o'''mission<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} in many dialects, and {{IPA|[ɵw]}} or {{IPA|[əw]}} before another vowel, as in ''c'''o'''operate.'' Sometimes pronounced as a full {{IPA|/oʊ/}}, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as {{IPA|/ə(ʊ)/}} (or similar ways of showing variation between {{IPA|/oʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}) in British dictionaries.</ref> <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|oʊ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
| align=left|'''o'''mission <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|oʊ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
|<big>{{IPA|əm}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|əm}}</big>
| align=left|rhyth'''m'''
| align=left|rhyth'''m'''
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ʉ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ʉ}}</big>
| align=left|beautif'''u'''l, curric'''u'''lum ({{IPA|[jʉ]}})<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ʊ]}} in many dialects, {{IPA|[ə]}} in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced {{IPA|[ʊ̈]}} and a reduced {{IPA|[ə]}}. The [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] uses the pseudo-IPA symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|<s>ʊ</s>}}}} [http://www.oed.com/public/keytopronunciation].</ref> <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ʊ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
| align=left|beautif'''u'''l, curric'''u'''lum ({{IPA|[jʉ]}}) <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ʊ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
|<big>{{IPA|əl}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|əl}}</big>
| align=left|bott'''le'''
| align=left|bott'''le'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|i}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|i}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|happ'''y'''}}, ser'''i'''ous<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[iː]}} in dialects with the [[Phonological_history_of_English_high_front_vowels#Happy_tensing|happy tensing]], {{IPA|[ɪ]}} in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.</ref> <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ɪ}} or {{IPA|iː}})</small>
| align=left|{{sc|happ'''y'''}}, ser'''i'''ous <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ɪ}} or {{IPA|iː}})</small>
|<big>{{IPA|ᵊ, ⁱ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ᵊ, ⁱ}}</big>
| align=left|(vowel is frequently dropped: nasturt'''i'''um)
| align=left|(vowel is frequently dropped: nasturt'''i'''um)
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| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
| colspan="4" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px" | &nbsp;
|-
|-
! colspan="2" | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
! colspan="2" | Stress
! colspan="2" | [[Syllabification]]
! colspan="2" | Syllabification
|-
|-
! IPA !! Examples
! IPA !! Examples
Line 271: Line 418:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| align=left rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion {{IPA|/ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/}},<ref>It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.</ref>}} <br>'''bat'''tleship {{IPA|/ˈbætəlʃɪp/}}<ref>Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ''ship'' in ''battleship,'' are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.</ref>
| align=left rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion}} {{IPA|/ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/}},
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|.}}</big>
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|.}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|moai {{IPA|/ˈmoʊ.aɪ/}}, Windhoek {{IPA|/ˈvɪnt.hʊk/}}<br>Vancouveria {{IPA|/væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/}}<br>Mikey {{IPA|/ˈmaɪki/}}, [[Myki]] {{IPA|/ˈmaɪ.kiː/}}<ref>Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (''moai'') or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] (''Vancouveria, Windhoek'').<br>Several dictionaries, such as the OED, do not indicate stress for words of one syllable. Thus ''hire'' {{IPA|/ˈhaɪər/}} is transcribed {{angbr|{{IPA|haɪə(r)}}}}, without a stress mark, contrasting with ''higher'' {{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/}}, which is transcribed {{angbr|{{IPA|ˈhaɪə(r)}}}}, without a syllable mark.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|moai {{IPA|/ˈmoʊ.aɪ/}}, Windhoek {{IPA|/ˈvɪnt.hʊk/}}<br>Vancouveria {{IPA|/væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/}}<br>Mikey {{IPA|/ˈmaɪki/}}, Myki {{IPA|/ˈmaɪ.kiː/}}
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ˌ}}
|<big>{{IPA|ˌ}}
Line 279: Line 426:
|}
|}


[[Category:IPA]]
==References==
<references />
[[Category:IPA]][[Category:Help]]

Latest revision as of 13:47, 10 September 2014

In order to precisely indicate how a written phoneme should be pronounced, the International Phonetic Alphabet is often helpful. For more information about the IPA in general, please see the article at Wikipedia.

Templates

There are three ways to represent the IPA on TalossaWiki.

Template:IPA

This template classifies the enclosed text as "IPA" text, so that other templates or people's personal CSS adjustments can make appropriate changes to its display. Example: {{IPA|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ}} displays as: lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ

Template:IPA-all

This template takes any IPA transcription and presents it in a standardized and appealing format, with choices of lede and the possibility of including an audio recording. {{IPA-all|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ|pron|lexhatx.ogg}} displays as: pronounced [lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ] ( listen)

Template:IPA-t

This template breaks up IPA symbols into separate phonemes, with a pronunciation guide available on mouseover. {{IPA-t|pron|audio=Lexhatx.ogg|l|ɛ|ˈ|dZ|a:|ʒ} displays as: pronounced: Listeni/lɛˈdʒɑːʒ/

Sounds of Talossan

The Talossan language uses a specific subset of sounds, as represented in IPA. These sounds are indicated below, in the standard IPA format.

Consonants

  bilabial labio-
dental 		dental alveolar post-
alveolar 		palatal labio-velar velar glottal
plosive p  b     t  d       k  ɡ  
nasal m     n   ɲ   ŋ  
fricative   f  v θ  ð s  z ʃ  ʒ     x  ɣ h
affricate         tʃ  dʒ        
approximant       ɾ   j w    
lateral approximant       ɬ  l   ʎ      

Vowels

  Front Near- front Central Near- back Back
Close
File:Blank vowel trapezoid.svg
i · y
ɨ
u
ɪ  
 
 
e · ø
 
o
ə
ɛ · œ
 
ɔ
æ
 
 
a
ɑ
  Near-close
Close-mid
Mid
Open-mid
Near-open
Open
Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.
Speakers who prefer a later pronunciation merge the rounded vowels with the unrounded one.

Key

Phonemes in Talossan words are pronounced roughly as follows.

Note: The IPA stress mark (ˈ) comes before the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States.

Consonants
IPA Examples
b buy, cab
d dye, cad, do
ð thy, breathe, father
dʒ giant, badge, jam
f phi, caff, fan
ɡ (ɡ) guy, bag
h high, ahead
j yes, yacht
k sky, crack
l lie, sly, gal
m my, smile, cam
n nigh, snide, can
ŋ sang, sink, singer
θ thigh, math
p pie, spy, cap
r rye, try, very
s sigh, mass
ʃ shy, cash, emotion
t tie, sty, cat, atom
tʃ China, catch
v vie, have
w wye, swine
hw why
z zoo, has
ʒ equation, pleasure, vision, beige
Marginal consonants
x ugh, loch, Chanukah
ʔ uh-oh /ˈʔʌʔoʊ/
Vowels
IPA Full vowels ... followed by R
ɑː palm, father, bra ɑr start, bard, barn, snarl, star (also /ɑːr./)
ɒ lot, pod, John ɒr moral, forage
æ trap, pad, shall, ban ær barrow, marry
aɪ price, ride, file, fine, pie aɪər Ireland, hire (/aɪr./)
aɪ.ər higher
aʊ mouth, loud, foul, down, how aʊər flour (/aʊr./)
aʊ.ər flower
ɛ dress, bed, fell, men ɛr error, merry
eɪ face, made, fail, vein, pay ɛər square, mare, scarce, cairn, Mary (/eɪr./)
eɪ.ər mayor
ɪ kit, lid, fill, bin ɪr mirror, Sirius
iː fleece, seed, feel, mean, sea ɪər near, beard, fierce, serious (/iːr./)
iː.ər freer
ɔː thought, Maud, dawn, fall, straw ɔr north, born, war, Laura (/ɔːr./)
ɔː.ər sawer
ɔɪ choice, void, foil, coin, boy ɔɪər loir (/ɔɪr./)
ɔɪ.ər lawyer
oʊ goat, code, foal, bone, go ɔər force, more, boar, oral (/oʊr./)
oʊ.ər mower
ʊ foot, good, full, woman ʊr courier
uː goose, food, fool, soon, chew, do ʊər boor, moor, tourist (/uːr./)
uː.ər truer
juː cued, cute, mule, tune, queue, you jʊər cure
uː.ər sewer
ʌ strut, mud, dull, gun ʌr borough, hurry
ɜr nurse, word, girl, fern, furry
Reduced vowels
ə Rosa’s, a mission, comma ər letter, perceive
ɨ roses, emission (either ɪ or ə) ən button
ɵ omission (either oʊ or ə) əm rhythm
ʉ beautiful, curriculum ([jʉ]) (either ʊ or ə) əl bottle
i happy, serious (either ɪ or iː) ᵊ, ⁱ (vowel is frequently dropped: nasturtium)
 
Stress Syllabification
IPA Examples IPA Examples
ˈ intonation /ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/, . moai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/, Windhoek /ˈvɪnt.hʊk/
Vancouveria /væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/
Mikey /ˈmaɪki/, Myki /ˈmaɪ.kiː/
ˌ

References

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