Help:IPA for Talossan: Difference between revisions

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There are three ways to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet on [[TalossaWiki]]:
There are three ways to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet on [[TalossaWiki]]:
*[[Template:IPA]].  This template classifies the enclosed text as "IPA" text, so that other templates or people's personal CSS adjustments can make appropriate changes to its display.  Example: <nowiki>{{IPA|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ}}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ}}
*[[Template:IPA-all]].  This template takes any IPA transcription and presents it in a standardized and appealing format, with choices of lede and the possibility of including an audio recording. <nowiki>{{IPA-all|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ|pron|lexhatx.ogg}}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA-all|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ|pron|lexhatx.ogg}}
*[[Template:IPA-t]].  This template transcribes a variety of input into the appropriate IPA symbols, so that you don't need to enter the exact specific representation. <nowiki>{{IPA-all|l|E|ˈ|J|a|Z|lexhatx.ogg}}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA-all|l|E|ˈ|J|a|Z|lexhatx.ogg}}


===[[Template:IPA]]===
This template classifies the enclosed text as "IPA" text, so that other templates or people's personal CSS adjustments can make appropriate changes to its display.  Example: <nowiki>{{IPA|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ}}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ}}


Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciations of [[English language|English]] words are conveyed by means of the '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA)'''; for a basic introduction to IPA, see [[Help:IPA/Introduction]]. In particular, the following tables list the relevant transcription for various English [[diaphoneme]]s; for a more complete key, see [[Help:IPA]], which includes sounds that do not occur in English. (If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, then see the links at the bottom of this page.)
===[[Template:IPA-all]]===
This template takes any IPA transcription and presents it in a standardized and appealing format, with choices of lede and the possibility of including an audio recording. <nowiki>{{IPA-all|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ|pron|lexhatx.ogg}}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA-all|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ|pron|lexhatx.ogg}}


If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of [[Wikipedia:Pronunciation respelling key|Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key]].
===[[Template:IPA-t]]===
 
This template breaks up IPA symbols into separate phonemes, with a pronunciation guide available on mouseover. <nowiki>{{IPA-all|l|E|ˈ|J|a|Z|lexhatx.ogg}}</nowiki> displays as: {{IPA-all|l|ɛ|ˈ|d͡ʒ|a|ʒ|pron|audio=Lexhatx.ogg}}
* To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see [[pronunciation respelling for English]], which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
* To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see [[Help:IPA conventions for English]], which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.
 
==Dialect variations==
This key accommodates <!--"standard ... English ... pronunciations" is not OK, so "English" alone is not OK-->standard [[General American]], [[Received Pronunciation]], [[Canadian English]], [[South African English]], [[Australian English phonology|Australian English]], and [[New Zealand English]] pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:
 
* If, for example, you pronounce ''cot'' {{IPA|/ˈkɒt/}} and ''caught'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːt/}} the same, then you may simply ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels ''o'' and ''au'' when pronouncing them.  
* In many dialects, {{IPA|/r/}} occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore {{IPA|/r/}} in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in ''cart'' {{IPA|/ˈkɑrt/}}.
* In other dialects, {{IPA|/j/}} ('''y'''es) cannot occur after {{IPA|/t, d, n/}}, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the {{IPA|/j/}} in transcriptions such as ''new'' {{IPA|/njuː/}}. For example, ''New York'' is transcribed {{IPA|/njuː ˈjɔrk/}}. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/r/}} in {{IPA|/ˈjɔrk/}} is not pronounced (and may instead [[R-colored vowel|rhotacise]] the preceding vowel); for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/njuː/}} is not pronounced and may be ignored.
 
On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:
 
* The difference between the vowels of ''fir'', ''fur'' and ''fern'' in [[Scottish English|Scottish]] and [[Hiberno-English|Irish English]].
* The difference between the vowels of "pain" and "pane" in some British, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects.
* The vowels of ''bad'' and ''had'' in many parts of [[Australian English|Australia]] and the Eastern United States.
* The vowels of ''spider'' and ''spied her'' in some parts of Scotland and North America.
 
Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker. ''Bath,'' for example, originally had the {{IPA|/æ/}} vowel (as in ''cat''), but for many speakers, it now has the {{IPA|/ɑː/}} vowel (as in ''father''). Such words are transcribed twice, once for each pronunciation: {{IPA|/ˈbæθ, ˈbɑːθ/}}.
 
For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|IPA chart for English dialects]].


==Key==
==Key==
''Note: The IPA stress mark ({{IPA|ˈ}}) comes ''before'' the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in [[Pronunciation respelling for English|pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States]].''
''Note: The IPA stress mark ({{IPA|ˈ}}) comes ''before'' the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States.''


[[File:IPAicon.png|right|alt=|link=]]<!--img placed here for browser page preview-->(Words in {{sc|small capitals}} are the standard [[Lexical_set#Wells_Standard_Lexical_Sets_for_English|lexical set]]s. Words in the lexical sets {{sc|bath}} and {{sc|cloth}} are given two transcriptions, respectively one with {{IPA|/ɑː/}} and one with {{IPA|/æ/}}, and with {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}}).
{| style="background:none"
{| style="background:none"
| valign="top" |  
| valign="top" |  
Line 128: Line 107:
! colspan="4"| [[Vowel]]s
! colspan="4"| [[Vowel]]s
|-
|-
! IPA !! Full vowels  !! colspan="2" | ... followed by R<ref> In [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic accents]] like RP, {{IPA|/r/}} is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In some Wikipedia articles, {{IPA|/ɪər/}} ''etc.'' may not be distinguished from {{IPA|/ɪr/}} ''etc.'' These should be fixed to correspond with the chart here.</ref>
! IPA !! Full vowels  !! colspan="2" | ... followed by R
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɑː}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɑː}}</big>
Line 136: Line 115:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɒ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɒ}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|l'''o'''t}}, p'''o'''d, J'''o'''hn<ref>{{IPA|/ɒ/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}} in dialects with the [[Phonological history of English low back vowels#Father–bother merger|father–bother merger]] such as GenAm.</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|l'''o'''t}}, p'''o'''d, J'''o'''hn
|<big>{{IPA|ɒr}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɒr}}</big>
| align=left|m'''or'''al, f'''or'''age
| align=left|m'''or'''al, f'''or'''age
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|æ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|æ}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|tr'''a'''p}}, p'''a'''d, sh'''a'''ll, b'''a'''n <ref>In some regions (including California), what would normally be [æŋ] is pronounced as [eŋ] or [eɪŋ], so that the "a" in "rang" is closer to the "ai" in "rain" than the "a" in "rag"</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|tr'''a'''p}}, p'''a'''d, sh'''a'''ll, b'''a'''n  
|<big>{{IPA|ær}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ær}}</big>
| align=left|b'''arr'''ow, m'''arr'''y<ref>Pronounced the same as {{IPA|/ɛr/}} in accents with the [[Mary–marry–merry merger]].</ref>
| align=left|b'''arr'''ow, m'''arr'''y
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big>
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|aɪ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|pr'''i'''ce}}, r'''i'''de, f'''i'''le, f'''i'''ne, p'''ie'''<ref>Many speakers, for example in most of Canada and much of the United States, have a different vowel in ''price'' and ''ride''. Generally, an {{IPA|[aɪ]}} is used at the ends of words and before voiced sounds, as in ''ride, file, fine, pie,'' while an {{IPA|[ʌɪ]}} is used before voiceless sounds, as in ''price'' and ''write''. Because {{IPA|/t/}} and {{IPA|/d/}} are often conflated in the middle of words in these dialects, derivatives of these words, such as ''rider'' and ''writer'', may be distinguished only by their vowel: {{IPA|[ˈɹʷ'''aɪ'''ɾəɹ], [ˈɹʷ'''ʌɪ'''ɾəɹ]}}. However, even though the value of {{IPA|/aɪ/}} is not predictable in some words, such as ''spider'' {{IPA|[ˈsp'''ʌɪ'''ɾəɹ]}},{{fact}} dictionaries do not generally record it, so it has not been allocated a separate transcription here.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|pr'''i'''ce}}, r'''i'''de, f'''i'''le, f'''i'''ne, p'''ie'''
|<big> {{IPA|aɪər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|aɪər}}</big>
| align=left|'''Ire'''land, h'''ire''' ({{IPA|/aɪr./}})
| align=left|'''Ire'''land, h'''ire''' ({{IPA|/aɪr./}})
Line 162: Line 141:
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|ɛ}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|ɛ}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|dr'''e'''ss}}, b'''e'''d, f'''e'''ll, m'''e'''n<ref name="E">Transcribed as {{IPA|/e/}} by many dictionaries.[http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2009/03/e-and.html]</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|dr'''e'''ss}}, b'''e'''d, f'''e'''ll, m'''e'''n
|<big> {{IPA|ɛr}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|ɛr}}</big>
| align=left|'''err'''or, m'''err'''y<ref name="E" />
| align=left|'''err'''or, m'''err'''y
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|eɪ}}</big>
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|eɪ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|f'''a'''ce}}, m'''a'''de, f'''ai'''l, v'''ei'''n, p'''ay'''
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|f'''a'''ce}}, m'''a'''de, f'''ai'''l, v'''ei'''n, p'''ay'''
|<big>{{IPA|ɛər}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɛər}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|squ'''are'''}}, m'''are''', sc'''ar'''ce, c'''air'''n, M'''ar'''y ({{IPA|/eɪr./}})<ref>Pronounced the same as {{IPA|/ɛr/}} in accents with the [[Mary–marry–merry merger]]. Often transcribed as {{IPA|/eə/}} by British dictionaries and as {{IPA|/er/}} by American ones. The OED uses {{IPA|/ɛː/}} for BrE and {{IPA|/ɛ(ə)r/}} for AmE.[http://www.oed.com/public/keytopronunciation]</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|squ'''are'''}}, m'''are''', sc'''ar'''ce, c'''air'''n, M'''ar'''y ({{IPA|/eɪr./}})
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|eɪ.ər}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|eɪ.ər}}</big>
Line 182: Line 161:
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|fl'''ee'''ce}}, s'''ee'''d, f'''ee'''l, m'''ea'''n, s'''ea'''
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|fl'''ee'''ce}}, s'''ee'''d, f'''ee'''l, m'''ea'''n, s'''ea'''
| <big>{{IPA|ɪər}}
| <big>{{IPA|ɪər}}
| align=left |{{sc|n'''ear'''}}, b'''ear'''d, f'''ier'''ce, s'''er'''ious ({{IPA|/iːr./}})<ref>Same as {{IPA|/ɪr/}} in accents with the [[mirror–nearer merger]].</ref>
| align=left |{{sc|n'''ear'''}}, b'''ear'''d, f'''ier'''ce, s'''er'''ious ({{IPA|/iːr./}})
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|iː.ər}}
| <big>{{IPA|iː.ər}}
Line 188: Line 167:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |<big> {{IPA|ɔː}}
| rowspan="2" |<big> {{IPA|ɔː}}
| rowspan="2" align=left |{{sc|th'''ough'''t}}, M'''au'''d, d'''aw'''n, f'''a'''ll, str'''aw'''<ref>{{IPA|/ɔː/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɒ/}} (except before {{IPA|/r/}}) in dialects with the [[Phonological history of English low back vowels#Cot–caught merger|cot–caught merger]] such as some varieties of GenAm.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left |{{sc|th'''ough'''t}}, M'''au'''d, d'''aw'''n, f'''a'''ll, str'''aw'''
|<big>{{IPA|ɔr}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɔr}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|n'''or'''th}}, b'''or'''n, w'''ar''', L'''aur'''a ({{IPA|/ɔːr./}})<ref name="horse-hoarse">{{IPA|/ɔər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔr/}} in dialects with the [[English-language vowel changes before historic r#Horse–hoarse merger|horse–hoarse merger]], which include most dialects of modern English.</ref><ref name="pour-poor">{{IPA|/ʊər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔr/}} in dialects with the [[English-language vowel changes before historic r#Pour–poor merger|pour–poor merger]], including many younger speakers.</ref>
| align=left|{{sc|n'''or'''th}}, b'''or'''n, w'''ar''', L'''aur'''a ({{IPA|/ɔːr./}})
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɔː.ər}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɔː.ər}}</big>
Line 206: Line 185:
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|g'''oa'''t}}, c'''o'''de, f'''oa'''l, b'''o'''ne, g'''o'''<ref>Commonly transcribed {{IPA|/əʊ/}} or {{IPA|/oː/}}.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|g'''oa'''t}}, c'''o'''de, f'''oa'''l, b'''o'''ne, g'''o'''<ref>Commonly transcribed {{IPA|/əʊ/}} or {{IPA|/oː/}}.</ref>
|<big> {{IPA|ɔər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|ɔər}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|f'''or'''ce}}, m'''ore''', b'''oar''', '''or'''al ({{IPA|/oʊr./}})<ref name="horse-hoarse"/><ref name="pour-poor"/>
| align=left|{{sc|f'''or'''ce}}, m'''ore''', b'''oar''', '''or'''al ({{IPA|/oʊr./}})
|-
|-
|<big> {{IPA|oʊ.ər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|oʊ.ər}}</big>
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| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|g'''oo'''se}}, f'''oo'''d, f'''oo'''l, s'''oo'''n, ch'''ew''', d'''o'''
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|g'''oo'''se}}, f'''oo'''d, f'''oo'''l, s'''oo'''n, ch'''ew''', d'''o'''
|<big> {{IPA|ʊər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|ʊər}}</big>
| align=left|b'''oor''', m'''oor''', t'''our'''ist ({{IPA|/uːr./}})<ref name="horse-hoarse"/><ref name="pour-poor"/>
| align=left|b'''oor''', m'''oor''', t'''our'''ist ({{IPA|/uːr./}})
|-
|-
|<big> {{IPA|uː.ər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|uː.ər}}</big>
Line 225: Line 204:
|-
|-
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|juː}}</big>
|rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|juː}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|c'''ue'''d, c'''u'''te, m'''u'''le, t'''u'''ne, q'''ueue''', '''you'''<ref>In dialects with [[yod dropping]], {{IPA|/juː/}} is pronounced the same as {{IPA|/uː/}} after [[coronal consonant]]s ({{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}},  {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}) in the same syllable, so that ''dew'' {{IPA|/djuː/}} is pronounced the same as ''do'' {{IPA|/duː/}}. In dialects with [[yod coalescence]], {{IPA|/tj/}}, {{IPA|/dj/}}, {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are pronounced {{IPA|/tʃ/}}, {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, so that the first syllable in ''Tuesday'' is pronounced the same as ''choose''.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|c'''ue'''d, c'''u'''te, m'''u'''le, t'''u'''ne, q'''ueue''', '''you'''
|<big> {{IPA|jʊər}}</big>
|<big> {{IPA|jʊər}}</big>
| align=left|c'''ure'''
| align=left|c'''ure'''
Line 233: Line 212:
|-
|-
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|ʌ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|ʌ}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|str'''u'''t}}, m'''u'''d, d'''u'''ll, g'''u'''n<ref>This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents.  These words would take the {{IPA|ʊ}} vowel: there is no [[Phonological history of English high back vowels#Foot–strut split|foot–strut split]].</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|{{sc|str'''u'''t}}, m'''u'''d, d'''u'''ll, g'''u'''n
|<big>{{IPA|ʌr}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ʌr}}</big>
| align=left|b'''or'''ough, h'''urr'''y
| align=left|b'''or'''ough, h'''urr'''y
Line 248: Line 227:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɨ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɨ}}</big>
| align=left|ros'''e'''s, '''e'''mission<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} in Australian and many US dialects, and {{IPA|[ɪ]}} in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced {{IPA|[ɪ̈]}} and a reduced {{IPA|[ə]}}. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood  1993:322) and the [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] use the pseudo-IPA symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|<s>ɪ</s>}}}} [http://www.oed.com/public/keytopronunciation], and [[Merriam–Webster]] uses {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ə̇}}}}.</ref> <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ɪ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
| align=left|ros'''e'''s, '''e'''mission <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ɪ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
|<big>{{IPA|ən}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ən}}</big>
| align=left|butt'''on'''
| align=left|butt'''on'''
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ɵ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ɵ}}</big>
| align=left|'''o'''mission<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ə]}} in many dialects, and {{IPA|[ɵw]}} or {{IPA|[əw]}} before another vowel, as in ''c'''o'''operate.'' Sometimes pronounced as a full {{IPA|/oʊ/}}, especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989) Usually transcribed as {{IPA|/ə(ʊ)/}} (or similar ways of showing variation between {{IPA|/oʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}) in British dictionaries.</ref> <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|oʊ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
| align=left|'''o'''mission <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|oʊ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
|<big>{{IPA|əm}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|əm}}</big>
| align=left|rhyth'''m'''
| align=left|rhyth'''m'''
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ʉ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ʉ}}</big>
| align=left|beautif'''u'''l, curric'''u'''lum ({{IPA|[jʉ]}})<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[ʊ]}} in many dialects, {{IPA|[ə]}} in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced {{IPA|[ʊ̈]}} and a reduced {{IPA|[ə]}}. The [[Oxford English Dictionary|OED]] uses the pseudo-IPA symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|<s>ʊ</s>}}}} [http://www.oed.com/public/keytopronunciation].</ref> <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ʊ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
| align=left|beautif'''u'''l, curric'''u'''lum ({{IPA|[jʉ]}}) <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ʊ}} or {{IPA|ə}})</small>
|<big>{{IPA|əl}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|əl}}</big>
| align=left|bott'''le'''
| align=left|bott'''le'''
|-
|-
| <big>{{IPA|i}}</big>
| <big>{{IPA|i}}</big>
| align=left|{{sc|happ'''y'''}}, ser'''i'''ous<ref>Pronounced {{IPA|[iː]}} in dialects with the [[Phonological_history_of_English_high_front_vowels#Happy_tensing|happy tensing]], {{IPA|[ɪ]}} in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.</ref> <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ɪ}} or {{IPA|iː}})</small>
| align=left|{{sc|happ'''y'''}}, ser'''i'''ous <small style="white-space: nowrap">(either {{IPA|ɪ}} or {{IPA|iː}})</small>
|<big>{{IPA|ᵊ, ⁱ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ᵊ, ⁱ}}</big>
| align=left|(vowel is frequently dropped: nasturt'''i'''um)
| align=left|(vowel is frequently dropped: nasturt'''i'''um)
Line 276: Line 255:
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
|<big>{{IPA|ˈ}}</big>
| align=left rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion {{IPA|/ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/}},<ref>It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.</ref>}} <br>'''bat'''tleship {{IPA|/ˈbætəlʃɪp/}}<ref>Full vowels following a stressed syllable, such as the ''ship'' in ''battleship,'' are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.</ref>
| align=left rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion {{IPA|/ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/}},
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|.}}</big>
| rowspan="2" |<big>{{IPA|.}}</big>
| rowspan="2" align=left|moai {{IPA|/ˈmoʊ.aɪ/}}, Windhoek {{IPA|/ˈvɪnt.hʊk/}}<br>Vancouveria {{IPA|/væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/}}<br>Mikey {{IPA|/ˈmaɪki/}}, [[Myki]] {{IPA|/ˈmaɪ.kiː/}}<ref>Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion, for example to break up sequences of vowels (''moai'') or consonant clusters which an English speaker might misread as a [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]] (''Vancouveria, Windhoek'').<br>Several dictionaries, such as the OED, do not indicate stress for words of one syllable. Thus ''hire'' {{IPA|/ˈhaɪər/}} is transcribed {{angbr|{{IPA|haɪə(r)}}}}, without a stress mark, contrasting with ''higher'' {{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/}}, which is transcribed {{angbr|{{IPA|ˈhaɪə(r)}}}}, without a syllable mark.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align=left|moai {{IPA|/ˈmoʊ.aɪ/}}, Windhoek {{IPA|/ˈvɪnt.hʊk/}}<br>Vancouveria {{IPA|/væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/}}<br>Mikey {{IPA|/ˈmaɪki/}}, [[Myki]] {{IPA|/ˈmaɪ.kiː/}}
|-
|-
|<big>{{IPA|ˌ}}
|<big>{{IPA|ˌ}}

Revision as of 11:04, 2 March 2014

There are three ways to represent the International Phonetic Alphabet on TalossaWiki:

Template:IPA

This template classifies the enclosed text as "IPA" text, so that other templates or people's personal CSS adjustments can make appropriate changes to its display. Example: {{IPA|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ}} displays as: lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ

Template:IPA-all

This template takes any IPA transcription and presents it in a standardized and appealing format, with choices of lede and the possibility of including an audio recording. {{IPA-all|lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ|pron|lexhatx.ogg}} displays as: pronounced [lɛˈd͡ʒaʒ] ( listen)

Template:IPA-t

This template breaks up IPA symbols into separate phonemes, with a pronunciation guide available on mouseover. {{IPA-all|l|E|ˈ|J|a|Z|lexhatx.ogg}} displays as: ɛ [l] ( listen)

Key

Note: The IPA stress mark (ˈ) comes before the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States.

Consonants
IPA Examples
b buy, cab
d dye, cad, do
ð thy, breathe, father
dʒ giant, badge, jam
f phi, caff, fan
ɡ (ɡ)[1] guy, bag
h high, ahead
j[2] yes, yacht
k sky, crack
l Template:Not a typo
m my, smile, cam
n nigh, snide, can
ŋ sang, sink, singer
θ thigh, math
p Template:Not a typo
r rye, try, very[3]
s sigh, mass
ʃ shy, cash, emotion
t Template:Not a typo
tʃ China, catch
v Template:Not a typo
w wye, swine
hw why[4]
z zoo, has
ʒ equation, pleasure, vision, beige[5]
Marginal consonants
x ugh, loch, Chanukah[6]
ʔ uh-oh /ˈʔʌʔoʊ/
Vowels
IPA Full vowels ... followed by R
ɑː palm, father, bra ɑr start, bard, barn, snarl, star (also /ɑːr./)
ɒ lot, pod, John ɒr moral, forage
æ trap, pad, shall, ban ær barrow, marry
aɪ price, ride, file, fine, pie aɪər Ireland, hire (/aɪr./)
aɪ.ər higher
aʊ mouth, loud, foul, down, how aʊər flour (/aʊr./)
aʊ.ər flower
ɛ dress, bed, fell, men ɛr error, merry
eɪ face, made, fail, vein, pay ɛər square, mare, scarce, cairn, Mary (/eɪr./)
eɪ.ər mayor
ɪ kit, lid, fill, bin ɪr mirror, Sirius
iː fleece, seed, feel, mean, sea ɪər near, beard, fierce, serious (/iːr./)
iː.ər freer
ɔː thought, Maud, dawn, fall, straw ɔr north, born, war, Laura (/ɔːr./)
ɔː.ər sawer
ɔɪ choice, void, foil, coin, boy ɔɪər loir (/ɔɪr./)
ɔɪ.ər lawyer
oʊ goat, code, foal, bone, go[7] ɔər force, more, boar, oral (/oʊr./)
oʊ.ər mower
ʊ foot, good, full, woman ʊr courier
uː goose, food, fool, soon, chew, do ʊər boor, moor, tourist (/uːr./)
uː.ər truer
juː cued, cute, mule, tune, queue, you jʊər cure
juː.ər sewer
ʌ strut, mud, dull, gun ʌr borough, hurry
ɜr nurse, word, girl, fern, furry
Reduced vowels
ə Rosa’s, a mission, comma ər letter, perceive
ɨ roses, emission (either ɪ or ə) ən button
ɵ omission (either oʊ or ə) əm rhythm
ʉ beautiful, curriculum ([jʉ]) (either ʊ or ə) əl bottle
i happy, serious (either ɪ or iː) ᵊ, ⁱ (vowel is frequently dropped: nasturtium)
 
Stress Syllabification
IPA Examples IPA Examples
ˈ {{nowrap|intonation /ˌɪntɵˈneɪʃən/, . moai /ˈmoʊ.aɪ/, Windhoek /ˈvɪnt.hʊk/
Vancouveria /væn.kuːˈvɪəriə/
Mikey /ˈmaɪki/, Myki /ˈmaɪ.kiː/
ˌ

References

  1. ↑ If the two characters ⟨ɡ⟩ and ⟨File:Opentail g.svg⟩ do not match and if the first looks like a ⟨γ⟩, then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
  2. ↑ The IPA value of the letter ⟨j⟩ is counter-intuitive to many English speakers. However, it does occur with this sound in a few English words, such as hallelujah and Jägermeister.
  3. ↑ Although the IPA symbol [r] represents a trill, /r/ is widely used instead of /ɹ/ in broad transcriptions of English.
  4. ↑ The phoneme /hw/ is not distinguished from /w/ in the many dialects with the wine–whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm. For more information on this sound, see voiceless labio-velar approximant.
  5. ↑ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either /ʒ/ or /dʒ/.
  6. ↑ In most dialects, /x/ is replaced by /k/ in most words, including loch. In ugh, however, it is often replaced by /ɡ/ (a spelling pronunciation), and in Chanukah by /h/
  7. ↑ Commonly transcribed /əʊ/ or /oː/.
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